The natural and human sciences Essay Example For Students

The natural and human sciences Essay Similarly to the issue of creationism versus evolution, disagreements between the two differing perspectives are unlikely to aid in the pursuit of knowledge as a whole. The productivity of the disagreement relies upon the basis of each individuals argument, therefore when the basis of the arguments are so different, for example using emotion rather than reason and evidence, the efficiency of the disagreement decreases rapidly. The pursuit of knowledge exists regardless of whether it is strived towards or accidental, and is present in the natural sciences or human sciences. We will write a custom essay on The natural and human sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It can be obtained through new discoveries or increased improvements on previous theories and may be contested regardless of its status in the scientific community. In the natural and human sciences disagreements may arise from a variety of different avenues, such as emotional responses to theories and laws as well as logical reasoning which dispute the evidence throughout scientific experiments. It is possible that disagreements may create negative results on discoveries and hinder the pursuit of knowledge, this is prominent in the issue of creationism versus evolution. Whilst negative effects of disagreements are possible, there may also be positive outcomes, which arise from detrimental events or the exposure of new ideas and perspectives that become apparent due to disagreements. Regardless of the form of disagreement and its outcome, they are present in every day discussions within these two fields of science and each side must work towards the same goal if concessions are to be reached, only then may disagreements aid in the pursuit of knowledge. Sources Atomic Bomb. History. History Channel, n. d. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. http://www. history. co. uk/explore-history/ww2/atomic-bomb. html. Nicozisin, Fr. George. Creationism Versus Evolution. Orthodox Research Institute. Orthodox Research Institute, n. d. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. http://www. orthodoxresearchinstitute. org/articles/dogmatics/nicozisin_creationism. htm. Redd, Nola Taylor. Einsteins Theory of General Relativity. Space. com.

Create Effective Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and Twitter - CoSchedule

Create Effective Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and Twitter Organic social media reach  is on the decline. To make matters worse, competition is only getting more fierce. From Fortune 500 companies to small mom and pop shops, all types of businesses are getting in on the social media marketing game. Plus, youre not just competing against other brands for attention. Youre competing against updates from friends and family, funny animal GIFs, and everything else people might come across on social media. Users feeds are so saturated, getting seen by your intended audience can be incredibly difficult. If youre going to succeed, you need to get creative. One way to start experimenting is with multi-image social media posts. In fact, posts with multiple images have been shown to get more reach  (and the data doesnt lie). More reach means more opportunities to connect with your audience (and turn them into leads and customers). Intrigued? Read on to learn how to create effective multi-image posts and start pushing your reach in the right direction. Did You Know Now Supports Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and Twitter? ^^^ You better believe it! Your favorite marketing and social media scheduling tool now supports multi-image social media posts for your Facebook and Twitter accounts. With the ability to schedule multi-image posts using , your team no longer has to worry about sending one image at a time. Not only that but grouping your images together to creates a visually impactful social media post which can help draw more eyes to your content. More eyes = more leads = more sales! More eyes = more leads = more sales!Ready to try it yourself? Start your free 14-day trial. Then, read this post to learn how to get the most of your new tool. Recommended Reading: How to Convince Your Team to Use (And Love) Create Multi-Image Posts With This Giant Social Media Image Bundle (Psst Its Free) Were so excited about launching multi-image post support that were giving away this enormous bundle of free stock photos! Download em all now and use them in your own marketing, totally free of charge.How to Create the Most Effective Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and TwitterWhat Are Multi-Image Social Media Posts? It might seem like an obvious question, but first, let's explain what multi-image posts are (and are not). Multi-Image posts are the same as your standard social media post. But, instead of one image, they include multiple images. Here's a great example from Ford Motor Company: Posted by Ford Motor Company on  Thursday, April 27, 2017 We should note this post will only cover organic multi-image posts on Facebook and Twitter. Facebook carousel posts are a little more complex (and worthy of a post unto themselves), so we won’t be discussing them here. Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Social Media Images the Easy Way Why Should Marketers Create Multi-Image Posts? You may have just read that and thought, â€Å"Yeah, but what's the real benefit to adding more images to my posts?† There are three main benefits that can come from utilizing multi-image social media posts: Increased engagement. Multi-image posts add more visual appeal. That means your posts will have a better chance of standing out in a cluttered newsfeed. Thus, they create more opportunities to drive engagement. Tell more complete visual stories. If a picture is worth a thousand words, then what's the value of adding even more pictures? By including several related photos (or even sequential images showing steps in a process), you can add more context to your content. Showcase more details about your products. Now you can show off multiple angles, features, and more in greater detail, enticing your customers to buy (or at least start doing more research). Organic reach declining? Try using multi-image posts to pick it up back up.How Do I Create Multi-Image Posts On Facebook? Now comes the fun part, creating your multi-image posts on Facebook. We’ll break this down and show you how to create them in and on the network. How To Create Multi-Image Posts On Facebook Via Desktop To create multi-image posts on your desktop, first open your company Facebook page: Click on  Share a photo or video: Click on Upload photos/videos a pop up window will appear that will let you select the photos that you want to upload to your status: Select your photos: Your photos will appear in preview and you can drag and drop them in the order you want them to appear in your post: You can then either publish or schedule your post. How To Create Multi-Image Posts On Facebook Via Mobile To schedule your multi-image posts on mobile, open your Facebook app and go to your company page: Click on Publish and then Photo/Video: Select your photos. The order that you select your photos in is the order that they will appear in your post: Unlike the desktop version, you cannot drag and rearrange your photos once they are in place. So, be conscious of the order you select them in. Once you have the right order, you can publish or schedule the post right from the app: How To Schedule Multi-Image Facebook Posts Via Desktop With Now let’s say that your team decides to use to create and send your multi-image Facebook messages. To set up those messages on your desktop, go to your calendar: Click the + button in the upper right-hand corner and select Social Media Message: Select your Facebook profile: Once your profile is selected, you can upload photos for the post: A pop up window will appear allowing you to choose your photos: Once your photos are uploaded you can rearrange the photos in the order that you want them to appear. will preview the post before it’s published: Once you fill in the text on your post, you can scroll down and schedule your post: How To Schedule Multi-Image Facebook Posts Via The Mobile App Download the app via the App Store  (iOS) or Play Store  (Android) and log into your calendar: Tap the content tab and create a post for your Facebook profile: Select your profile: Click Add Images: You can also pre-schedule your posting time at this point as well: Choose where you want to upload your photos from (you can either take a photo, or select images from your photo library): Choose which photos from your camera roll are going to be in your post: Rearrange your photos and check the post preview to make sure they are displaying correctly: Preview your post: Schedule your post: That's it! Facebook Multi-Image Best Practices When creating multi-image posts on Facebook, consider image size and consistency. Different size images create different effects for your post. Similar-sized images will create more of a square image gallery. Here is what different combinations of image sizes look like. Two photos: Three photos: Four photos: Five photos (notice this creates a +2 square): Three photos (with one image of unequal size to the other two): Four photos (with one of unequal size) Overall, ensure that your images are related and be mindful of how they'll look once published. How Do I Create Multi-Image Posts On Twitter? The other network we'll be discussing is Twitter. It's a little more limited than Facebook in terms of handling multiple images, but it's still pretty easy to get them published. How To Schedule Multi-Image Posts On Twitter Via Desktop First, head to your Twitter page and click tweet in the upper right-hand corner like you usually do: Click the image button: Once you select Add photos or video a second screen will appear allowing you to select your photos: Unlike Facebook, Twitter only allows you to upload four pictures at a time. Photos can’t be dragged and dropped around like Facebook either, so they’ll need to be upload in the order you want them to appear in your post: Look at my new puppy pic.twitter.com/Ymrjaygnyv - Breonna Bergstrom (@brebergstrom) August 29, 2017 How To Schedule Multi-Image Twitter Posts Via Mobile Open your Twitter app and select the profile you want to tweet from: Click the create new Tweet icon: Then add in up to four photos from your phone: And then select from your available images: Next, include your post text: How To Schedule Multi-Image Twitter Posts On Your Desktop Via Open your calendar: Click the + in the upper right-hand corner and select Social Message:   Select your Twitter channel: Then click to add in a maximum of four photos to your post. A second screen will appear allowing you to upload them straight into : Once your photos are uploaded you can preview what your post will look like. If you don’t like the way that your photos look you can drag them around until you find the combination you’re looking for: Once you have your photos set you can schedule or publish your post: How To Schedule Multi-Image Twitter Posts With The Mobile App Open your App: Select social message and then the Twitter profile you want to send your post from: Select add image: You can either upload photos via your camera roll or snap ones using your phone: Select your photos: Preview your post: Schedule it to publish: Twitter Multi-Image Best Practices Multi-image posts work similarly on Twitter, as they do on Facebook. For example, the way they display depends on the size and combination of images you include. Here are what different combinations of images look like on Twitter. Two Images: Three Images: Four Images: Unlike Facebook, you cannot add more than four images to a Twitter post. Your team should also think about what order they want photos to be in when they are uploaded to Twitter. If you want one image to stand out in a set of three it would be best to place that image first and the others second, third, and fourth respectively. Recommended Reading: The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% Now You Can Schedule All Your Multi-Image Posts In One Place Instead of having to keep track of every photo, schedule every post and then panic if the wrong image was paired with the wrong post, make it easy and use . First, open your calendar and select the brand you want to work with: Then select the channels you want to send your post on: From there, add in the images that you want to post to your channels, but remember if you choose Twitter, you can only choose a maximum of four photos: Draft your text: Drag and drop your photos in the order that you want them to appear and check the preview: Publish or schedule your message: It’s really that easy. Plus, with Best Time Scheduling, can make sure all your posts are optimally scheduled. With built-in Social Analytics, you can also know exactly how those posts are performing, too. Recommended Reading: How to Build a Social Media Editorial Calendar The Easy Way (Free Template) Now You Can Be A Multi-Image Posting Pro The benefits to multi-images post are clear. Standing out means you get more eyeballs on your content, which turn into leads which turn into sales. Plus, you now know exactly how to create those posts, using the apps themselves or with . Ready to try it yourself? Schedule a demo now.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Law - Essay Example This is the tort of omission of a lawful act or failure to perform a legal duty without malicious intent, which causes damage. It is failure to do something that you were legally supposed to do without the intention of harming. Nells act of sleeping was not ill intentioned since she had started doing so only when cafe was not busy. She failed to be in the cafe available to serve any customers who came in. As a result, customers could be coming in and leave when they fail to be served making the business lose sales. Incase Nell took the case to a court of law then the cafe owner would have to prove that this act actually caused harm to the business and to him too (Emerson 2009). The cafe owner may also urge on the grounds that the act was a dereliction of duty by the employee. That is failure to conform to the rules and regulation of the work place, failure to perform their duties assigned in a satisfactory manner. In his case, Marvin would have to produce as evidence a copy written rules and regulations that govern the conduct of employees at the cafe. She would also have to give evidence that every employee has access to the said rules and regulation, and they were not unavailable to them (Blum 2007). The regulation should have clear and explicit statement on the cause of action in case sleeping during work hours and being in a different location of the work premises other than the assigned duty station. Marvin would also have to provide a copy of the contract signed by Nell during her recruitment giving the conditions for relieve of duty. It should explicitly state the cause of action as a result of sleeping during work and the mode of communication used to imply the cause taken by the employer of the employee. Nell can on her side sue the employer for compensation for the loss of income and the psychological impacts of being dismissed by her employer without prior notice. She can also claim for her benefit after

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) Research Paper

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) - Research Paper Example This paper explores the challenges associated with psychiatric mental health nursing and the burnout associated with this filed of work. Introduction As a mental health psychiatric nurse, I realized that one key issues in my area is rapid nurse burnout. Mental health nurses suffer from burnout much sooner than those in other nursing fields of care (Breen, 2013). Burnout is associated with the increasing shortage of nurses, trends leaning towards more community care, and the elimination of numerous mental health care hospitals and facilities. The above problems have created a stressful work environment causing nurses to be forced to attempt to provide high quality care to the ever increasing number of patient load while at the same time recording a decrease in resources (Hanrahan,2010). Mental heal nurses have additional stressors, some of which include the large emotional demand of taking care of patients with complex and challenging violent related issues. Overcrowding of acute care settings along with the nurse to patient ratios add to the stress that nurses have to content with. This makes the working environment unsafe for the operation of nurses. Undesputedly, an enabling work environment is in itself motivational to new qualified nurses. It helps avoid emotional exhaustion, which is largely seen as detrimental in mental health as it affects the outcome of patient care and to a larger extend result in depersonalization of the nurse (Breen, 2013). Studies show that burnout in the psychiatric nursing field may be associated with non-supportive management, and there is need for to have formal orientation programs to acute care mental health nursing settings for the staff. This would help provide continuing education for nursing and ancillary staff, which would ultimately help deal with issues such as overload of paperwork, staff to patient ratio, work related injuries, volatile and unpredictable working environment. By extension, working with verbally abusive /aggressive patients contribute to the burnout of psychiatric mental health nurses earlier than that of the counterparts who work as medical surgical nurses (Breen, 2013). Hospitals must make working environments more conducive to their nurse, as well the patients. This will help preserve staff and in the long run decrease/ prevent nursing burnout. Recent studies have shown that hospitals need to create an environment that values the knowledge and professionalism by their nurses, and should work towards maintaining appropriate nurse to patient ratios for purposes of facilitating patient growth and wellness. These studies also suggest that hospitals should facilitate nurse to physician relationships, if they have to maintain continuity of care throughout the interdisciplinary team. According to these studies, this woud help hospitals to maintain safety on acute care inpatient settings, as well as outpatient settings by providing adequate security for staff (Hanrahan, 2010). Problem S tatement- Module 1 The two terms stress and burnout are often intertwined. As such, stress is the precursor to burnout. Stress is a feature that cannot be avoided in life; it can be viewed as positive or negative reinforcer (Elder, 2012). Burnout, on the other hand, has no positive aspects for the individual who is experiencing it. The term burnout is used to explain emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction in personal accomplishments. This group of problems is commonly referred to

Toshiba Overview and Global Presence Research Paper

Toshiba Overview and Global Presence - Research Paper Example Toshiba Overview and Global Presence This gives the company a global feel and as a result a competitive edge for its products. Toshiba is also listed in the stock exchange markets in London. The number of shareholders is approximately 457,467 holding a total of 423,760,000 shares (â€Å"Toshiba†). With an asset base of 69,893 million US dollars the company is led by Norio Sasaki together with the other company’s executives and together they have steered the company to success. With the wide range of products and outlets the company has established itself as one of the leading companies in the electronic business providing a wide variety of products. The global presence is an advantage that the competitors have been unable to penetrate successfully. A. Marketing Mix a) Product The company’s products and services are classified under three categories: computers and accessories, home appliances and consumer electronics. The company has a wide variety of innovative laptops, televisions, projectors, lapt op accessories and external hard drives. Business products include copiers, printers, scanners, semi-conductors, hard disk drives, surveillance equipment among others. Industrial products include automation systems, UPS, power systems, LED Display systems and industrial video products. Looking at the wide variety of products each targets a different niche of customers. The products are displayed in variety of showrooms in the various branches. The array of products is geared towards establishment and maintenance of a competitive edge against the competitors. ... The company comes up with new products that provide a wide range of solutions to businesses, industries and individuals as well. The company takes advantage of internet connectivity to conduct E-Commerce where they have come up with their own website. The website has comprehensive details about the company ranging from its products, sales, and policies in short anything you would want to know about a company. i. Cultural Factors Toshiba prides itself in having a strong safety and corporate culture which has been adhered to throughout the business operations. The company provides a plat form of sharing important information and the employees are aware of acceptable code of behavior. The company adopts the culture of employing people who are knowledgeable on current information about technical issues (Whittaker 15). In addition these people are also aware of the environmental issues which enable the company develop safe products. Their culture is flexible to suit the ever changing mark et conditions, with safety attitude being the most important. When taking risks the company’s employees are advised to follow strict guidelines when making risk decisions that affect products safety (Cutts 35). The success of the company has been largely attributed to safety decisions and products. ii. Customization vs. Standardization The choice of customization or standardization depends largely on the product. Toshiba has adopted a method where the customer specifies the features they want in a laptop. The customer will log into their website and choose want they want from wide variety of choices which include internal memory, size of the screen, and speed of the processor at an affordable price. They have also developed a list of

National Integration Remains A Crucial Issue In Pakistan Politics Essay

National Integration Remains A Crucial Issue In Pakistan Politics Essay The present study aims to identify the important problems, which have been responsible for national disharmony and the negative impacts. The study is a stepping-stone, suggesting some concrete proposals, in order to achieve the objective of national integration. INTRODUCTION National Integration remains a crucial issue in Pakistan. There are various forces, which accentuate divisive factors like geography and culture of our country. Religious fundamentalism is one such force while linguistic diversities constitute another. Despite a shared culture for a long period, regionalism has remained a major force, which generates tension because of inequitable development amongst different provinces/regions of the Country. The FATA/FANA and Baluchistan are the best examples in this case, where people have been deprived of economic, political and social justice. All the above forces and factors pose a serious challenge for Pakistans integrity and unity. It is, therefore, necessary to make concerted efforts to strengthen the national integration. Quaid-e-Azam had envisioned that Pakistan would be a state, where all citizens would enjoy equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, sect, or place of birth  [1]  , but it could never become a reality. In a polarized and fragmented society like Pakistan, it is necessary to have the consent of all groups with regards to resolution of their genuine problems. This important aspect was never given a serious thought by political and military rulers. Despite all domestic odds, Pakistan has demonstrated genuine ability to survive as a viable Nation State. Considering the prevailing circumstances, the process of national integration has gained more significance and importance than ever. There is a need of following a correct and pragmatic approach with dispassionate analysis of all the issues jeopardizing the process of national integration. The task of national integration in a plural society like Pakistan is although arduous, yet it can be achieved by bringing in diverging forces together through a political system based on justice, equality and fair play. In order to find out a viable solution for achieving this objective, the following important questions need to be addressed:- Question 1. What are the disintegrating forces in Pakistan and how they can be brought together? Question 2. What are the pillars of national integration and how they can be strengthened? Question 3. What mechanism is needed to be devised to bring all the segments at par economically and politically? Question 4. Where lays our survival as a nation? Aim The identify the important problems being faced by Pakistan, which have been responsible for national disharmony, suggesting concrete proposals, in order to achieve the objective of national integration. PART 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK NATIONAL INTEGRATION Nation and National Integration Nation. A nation is generally defined as a community knit together by common experience over reasonably long past, shaping a common religion, culture and tradition  [2]  . However, different societies have defined it differently according to their own environment. The word Nation comes form a Latin expression Natio, meaning birth or race  [3]  . Integration. The word in its literal sense means fitting together parts to make one whole or incorporation of disparate ethnic or religious elements of the population into a unified society, providing equality of opportunity for all members of that society  [4]  . Keeping in view the definition, Integration can be categorized in Functional and Psychological domains  [5]  . Determinants of National Integration National Objective. National goals are determined from time to time depending upon the national needs. National objectives are the specific Ends that a nation seeks in order to advance, support or defend its national interests.  [6]   Ideology. Ideology means the science or study of ideas. In general sense it refers to the specific manner in which a group of persons thinks  [7]  . Nationalism can develop into a uniting and sufficiently aggressive force, only if the requisite emotional and ideological base exists; but ordinarily, this sentiment takes centuries to mature.  [8]   Religion. Religion is one of the strongest bonds in an ideological state and an essential element of national integration being a sanction of unity. It provides an additional source of pride to the nation and affects national character and habits. In Islam, the loyalty o the Muslims to one another has been institutionalized by the concept of Ummah.  [9]   Language. Language is one of the most enduring artefacts of a peoples culture, and unless people are forced by any system of dominance or conquest, their language can always determine the peoples social physics and history.  [10]   Culture. National integration in multi-cultural states is untenable without an entrenched public culture because this comprises the values shared by all groups and constitutes the common grounds on which the diverse groups conceptualize and appreciate the state.  [11]   Leadership. An effective leader is naturally integrative, who brings together people of different culture, races, genders, personalities and stages of development and integrates them into a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.  [12]   PART 2 NATIONAL INTEGRATION MOSAIC OF PAKISTAN Religious Facade of Pakistan It was clear as early as pre-independence times that, given the immense ethnic diversity of Pakistan and the strong centrifugal forces, the new state would urgently need a common denominator and that was Islam. Apparently, the religious ideology as the basis of the state was viewed as a tool for nation-building and thwarting possible Indian designs to reject the creation of Pakistan.  [13]   After independence, the religious differences were aggravated by the Ulemas on the basis of sectarianism. The saboteurs launched by anti-state elements fully exploited these differences and religious strength started turning into national weakness  [14]  . In retrospect, what we have now is a divided society on the lines of sectarianism, propagating extreme forms of de-faced shape of the Islam. Religion, instead of serving a unifying force, is now acting as a component of disunity and disharmony. Misconceived Perceptions. The rationale for Pakistans independence notwithstanding, we failed to identify and consolidate other factors that could have contributed towards national integration and societal cohesion in the newly independent state. We remained confused, and still are, as to be a Nation State or Religion State? The results are there in front of us i.e. FATA, FANA, Swat and Baluchistan. Large sections of the population, especially those in the minority provinces, have become increasingly disillusioned  [15]  . Weak Democratic Roots. Democracy could not establish its roots at the time of our independence due to short sightedness of our politicians. The leadership vacuum created in the early years of our history denied us the opportunity of developing a stable political system of governance during various periods ranging from parliamentary and presidential forms, authoritarian system and so on  [16]  . It was the incompetence of Pakistans post-Jinnah political leadership that drew the armed forces heavily into politics and policy-making  [17]  . Political instability, the rampant corruption of the political and bureaucratic à ©lite, and poor governance have given birth to public scepticism of the prevalent system  [18]  . Political/Constitutional Issues. Our political institutions have yet not grown strong enough on power sharing and to fight against the divisive force, which have been working to disintegrate Pakistan. The politicians of Pakistan have been engrossed with internal feuds group, religious sects, economic classes, and leading personalities  [19]  . Regional Diversity. For Pakistan, regionalism had emerged with different complexion. Even the common religion, flag and national ideology could not fully blend Pakistanis together as one entity until today. Ethnic Diversity. Pakistani nation is fairly diverse. Ethnically, Punjabis are dominating followed by Pathans and Sindhis. Punjab-based establishment is looked upon by the rest of the population as well as the dominance of the so-called migratory à ©lite, originating from regions in todays India. There are numerous macro level ethnic identities Lingual Diversity. The lingual diversity became apparent after independence. In case of East Pakistan, we failed to understand that nations are composed of human being, whose deep feelings about such questions as their mother tongue, should not be ignored easily  [20]  . The linguistic differences intensified the problem of national integration and result was riots in most parts of the Country,  [21]  that ultimately cost us separation of our Eastern wing. Economic Irritants. Defining the economic aims and selecting realistic objectives based on economic potential and framework is a pre-requisite for giving out attainable policies. Frequent policy changes due to vested interests of groups, have created instability and impaired credibility of macro economic measures. Social Justice. Inefficient state agencies, selective application of law, and ever-increasing corruption are breeding a culture of negativism in Pakistan. Disparity between the rich and the poor is leading to frustration, misuse of power, and lawlessness. Military Involvement in Civilian Affairs. Army influence in political decision making started with induction of uniformed Ayub Khan in the cabinet as Defence Minister, an since then it has had very negative effect on the society. This has been one of the major cause for the many ills in the society. Role of Bureaucracy. Bureaucratic traditions that came to influence after independence, were essentially a legacy from the British. It has now become a two Way Street where bureaucracy openly seeks political patronage for personal gains and in turn provides personalized service to the politicians. PART 3 PRESENT IRRITANTS TO NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PAKISTAN FATA and Swat Situation. The Taliban movement in Fata and the NWFP wants to replace the FCR with a medieval legal framework, that is reminiscent of the Arab tribal era. Inability of successive governments to integrate the region into national mainstream brings to fore certain key issues, which have directly or indirectly contributed to its prolonged isolation. Negligence on the part of state institutions, parochial political interests and the naivetà © of the rural folk have given birth to a militant culture that thrives on vandalism, brutality and anarchy  [22]  . Baluchistan Issue. The situation in Baluchistan is a cause of major concern for national integrity. Baloch nationalists are mooting the insurgency as a struggle for greater political autonomy, more control over and royalties from the regions abundant mineral resources, chiefly the gas-fields and against the new cantonments in the Province. The weaponry and communication means being employed by the insurgents thumbprint the foreign power. Economic Turmoil. The current chaotic state of global finance has invalidated the existing orthodoxy in macroeconomic management.  [23]  We are once again on the mercy of IMF after conceding to a $7.6 billons Standby Arrangement signed in November 2008. Global recession has also added to the miseries of people who are vulnerable to be exploited by interest groups, for their vested interests. Worsening Law and Order Situation. Insecure citizens are vulnerable to anti-state and anti-social elements, thereby becoming a liability to national integration. Improving law and order is a major challenge for the nations socio-political integration. If the constitution and the rule of law are not adhered to, such a federation essentially turns into an empire that is controlled by powerful ethnic and social groups  [24]  . Judicial System. Post March 2007 Judicial Crisis, has added tremendously to the miseries of aggrieved people. In this vacuum, Islamic clerics, present their version of judicial system, which by no way, present the true picture of Islam. Recent Governments conceding to Tehrik-e-Shariat-Muhammds brokered deal with local militant leaders on the plea of shariat enforcement, should be an eye opener for rest of the society. Religious Militancy. The phenomenal increase in number of deeni madaris has not only increased sectarianism but also introduced militancy in the Country  [25]  . There are more than 50,000 madrasas operating in Pakistan  [26]  . Lal Masjid incident has been a turning point to the phenomena. Decayed Education System. The literacy rate of the Country is alarming at 49.9%  [27]  , especially in female population, which forms more than 50% of total population. Deep ingress of political parties into the educational institutions is causing divisions. Parallel education systems are segregating the society into classes. Federal Provincial Matters. Concurrent list, quota system, NFC awards, share of divisible pool etcetera and many other legislative provisions, work against the aspirations of the people of smaller provinces for socio-economic and political development. PART 4 THE WAY FORWARD Ideological Issues Ideological Orientation. Fresh ideas aimed at finding new common grounds should be explored and additional cohesive factors identified in order to hold the nation together. National integration in the case of Pakistan should mean establishing a common citizenry, common political and social structures, a common State, and an additional sense of identity, of belonging together. It means building commonality on top of the existing linguistic, ethnic, religious and geographical diversity, and not substituting an artificial new identity for the old ones. Concept of Unity in Diversity. We should subscribe to Weiners public policy strategy for achieving national integration through Unity-in-diversity  [28]  . With inter-provincial economic relations fast developing, unity in diversity appears a realistic national aspirations.  [29]  Rather than suppressing or subjugating the diverse elements, we must chisel these diversities into a fine mosaic. Inculcating Concept of Nationalism. There is a need to develop Pakistani nationalism which should give people the feeling that despite differences, they are people destined for common statehood. This can be done through:- Parity is an inalienable right of all the regions and provinces of Pakistan. The rights of the provinces and autonomy consonant with national interests and agreed in 1973 constitution have to be assured. Pay heed to Quaids motto: Unity, Discipline and Faith (in the same order). Political Issues Political Structure. After practicing all forms of governance, the draw is in favour of a parliamentary form of government, as envisioned in the 1973 constitution (in original shape). Following need consideration:- Pakistans leadership may need to update and even revise its strong centre ideology in favour of more pronounced regional autonomy. Re-demarcation and increase in number of constituencies. Establish autonomous and independent Election Commission. Establish powerful, reliable and neutral accountability body. Bar on minimum education qualification for candidates to contest the elections be lifted. Political Parties Political parties must be made to organize themselves on democratic lines with transparency in their party elections, discipline as well as accounts. If political party obtains less than five percent votes in general election its registration with Election Commission be terminated by law. Political parties must not be allowed by law to influence the working of political activities of student unions in college/universities. Politician elected to hold a government office to relinquish party portfolio. Governance Issues Changing the Administrative Model. We need to change British colonialism administrative model ruthlessly and invent our own. A step towards this direction has already been taken with adoption of Local Government Plan. However, some of the serious reservations of the provinces should be addressed in the new system, to make it more acceptable. Social Justice. Problem of rising unemployment needs to he tackled in a pragmatic manner. Social action programme for education, health, empowerment of women, and population control, is the need of the hour. To avert the social conflicts turning into communal conflicts, establishment of social equilibrium is an essential condition for national integration. Improvement of Judiciary System Judiciary be given constitutional guarantee of its independence to work free of pressure. Judges of superior courts be paid handsomely keeping in view the sensitive and critical nature of their duties. Appointment of superior court judges be on non party basis and free of political strings. Rationalization of NFC Awards. The centre should divide the divisible resources as per agreed formulas strictly in accordance with the awards as per the constitution. We have to revise NFC formula, wherein overt weightage on population should be rationalized by giving more weightage to backwardness, area and revenue generation. More Active Council of Common Interests (CCI). Constitutionally, CCI is just the right forum to discuss the various inter-provincial and federal-provincial irritants, like Net Proceeds Royalties, Concurrent Legislative List vis-à  -vis Provincial Autonomy, Representation of Federating Units in the Top Bureaucracy and Quota System etc. Cohesive Education Policy Cleavages between traditional Islamic educational institutions and modern educational institutions (including elitist pattern), be removed. Maximum incentive to private sector to open schools in rural areas. Their fees and standard may, however, be monitored. Curriculum be made realistic and uniform for all provinces with better quality textbook at subsidised rates. Mismatch between educational preparation and job specification be reduced through vocational training. Urdu language should also be employed as a vehicle to develop cultural unity, common identity and a shared future. Provinces may be allowed to retain the regional languages as a subject after primary level. Bolstering Religious Harmony Islams message of universal tolerance, of peace and respect should be propagated to foster harmony among various religious schools of thought. All the religious militant groups be disarmed with a highhanded policy. Steps be taken for tracking down verified terrorist groups and the concerned countries be diplomatically perused to take necessary steps against these groups. Already chalked out Madrasa Strategy be followed in true letter and spirit. FATA/FANA and Swat Situation We have to bring FATA/FANA into mainstream by initiating process of Land Settlement and promote urbanization, increased focus on Human Resource Development, exploit drivers of growth i.e. minerals and horticulture, development of industries on fringes of FATA and facilitate early creation of Reconstruction Opportunity Zones. We should also initiate dialogue with all the factions fighting against the state machinery in Swat and FATA to address their grievances through political means. Baluchistan Issue Instead of marginalizing the nationalist elements, we need to bring them on board. Two-pronged strategy of Dialogue and Development is the only way to address deprivation. Where applicable, selective use of limited force may also be undertaken as last resort. To address the grievance of the Province, there is a requirement for the Federal Government to invest heavily in raising more job opportunities in the Province. Economic Policies An increasing development budget is essential to overcoming the negative effects of social fragmentation and illiteracy-fed Islamic fundamentalism. Every effort must be made to do away with disparity and economic disequilibrium between the various classes, regions, areas and provinces. The economically backward areas should be brought into the mainstream through education, modernization, mass media of communication, general economic developments, well-being and progress and through an effective system of roads, transportation and communication. Eliminating Unemployment Economic Revival Package for the revival of industries to stimulate production and investment. Government should announce a package for the development of agriculture sector. More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be provided. With a view to reduce educated unemployment; self-employment schemes should be encouraged in true manners. CONCLUSION National integration permits a heterogeneous nation like Pakistan to live in peace, harmony and unity. It is an important element of the nations power potential and binds its military, economical and political strengths. Pakistan has sub-nationalist undercurrents, which run along ethnic lines, seeking their share of national pie and, at times, threatening secession from the federation. Whenever, Pakistans national integration suffered, the underlying causes were political expediencies and lust for power. This research will be a stepping-stone, suggesting some concrete proposals, in order to achieve the objective of national integration. In the wake of the current situation prevailing in the country, where the nation is in despair and gradually losing hope and optimism, the research is very significant to find out the way forward for coming out of the current crisis.

Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease :: essays research papers

Plenty of people love the fact that they can enjoy life normal because their brain functions accordingly. Well not every one has the gift of normality. In this harsh world people are dying of all types of diseases and things that are undetectable or even treatable due to the fact that they have unknown origins. Many of the world’s diseases such as HIV, AIDS, some cases of Multiple Sclerosis and Muscular Dystrophies. Among these fatal and life threatening ailments Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, other wise known as (CJD), takes precedence. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an unusual, degenerative, consistently terminal brain disorder, typically onset of symptoms occurs at about age 60. This disease has been categorized into three major categories: 1) sporadic CJD, 2) hereditary CJD, 3) acquired CJD. In sporadic CJD, the disease occurs even though the affected does not have any known risk factors that would cause an occurrence of the disease. This sudden occurring CJD is indisputably the most frequently diagnosed type of Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease. This statistically accounts for at least 85 percent of CJD cases. Due to that there are some fifty to sixty deaths per year due to sporadic CJD in the United States alone. Similar figures are seen in other countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. In hereditary CJD, the infected person has inherited an abnormal gene due a family history of the disease or takes a test in which their results are positive for a genetic mutation that is associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. About 5 to 10 percent of cases of Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease in the United States are hereditary and the United Kingdom has a population in the region of 58 million and there are only a few instances of deaths due to genetic CJD in a year. In acquired CJD, the disease is transmitted by exposure to brain or nervous system tissue, usually through certain medical procedures. Acquired CJD is also very rare; so far there has been no solid evidence that CJD is transmittable through casual encounter with a patient with CJD. Since Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease was first discovered in 1920, less than 1 percent of cases have been diagnosed as acquired CJD. Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD) belongs to a family of human and animal diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Spongiform refers to the distinctive look of contaminated brains, which become filled with holes until they bear a resemblance to sponges when seen under a microscope.